Models

This section gives an overview of the models developed and maintained at PBL to address several questions on Integral Nitrogen by the scientific and policy community. These models are internationally accepted and published in many scientific journals.

IMAGE: Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment

IMAGE is a dynamic integrated assessment modeling framework for global change. The main objectives of IMAGE are to contribute to scientific understanding and support decision-making by quantifying the relative importance of major processes and interactions in the society-biosphere-climate system

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HYDE

HYDE (The History Database of the Global Environment) presents not only (gridded) time series for the last 12000 years of global population and land use, but also various other indicators such as GDP, Value Added, Livestock, Private Consumption, GHG emissions, and Industrial production data.

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