The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhea worldwide. This paper presents the first model-based inventory with 0.5 by 0.5 degree resolution of global Cryptosporidium emissions from humans and animals to surface water in the year 2000. Our results may...
For the last five years, scientists across Europe have chronicled the little-known nitrogen dilemma and the threats it poses to our environment and health – as well as how we can solve the problem.
Both newly fixed N and recycled N (e.g., manure) are processed by terrestrial ecosystems. A substantial portion of this recycled N is subsequently transferred to groundwater, wetlands, lakes, rivers, estuaries, continental shelves and oceanic waters, which has been described...
Nutrients (nitrates, phosphates) from agricultural sources remain a ‘wicked problem’ in realizing the aims of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), partly because the directive has to rely on neighboring policies to reduce the pressure of nutrients. This article concludes that...
This paper constitutes the first spatially explicit, global assessment of sewage N and P emissions to surface water for the period 1970 to 2000, and the first projection of such N and P emissions for the future. This approach was developed as part of an international...
Mitigating ammonia (NH3) volatilization from intensive pasture systems is critical for environmental sustainability. However, field-scale evaluation on the potential of enhanced efficiency fertilizers (e.g. urease inhibitors and controlled-release fertilizers) in mitigating...
Since 1900, N export by the Yangtze river increased 17-fold and that of P 7-fold. This dramatic increase in coastal nutrient loading could lead to declining oxygen concentrations waters, and the increase in molar N:P ratio could increase the risk of harmful algal blooms.
Only under the most optimistic sustainability scenario, the global synthetic fertilizer use in croplands stabilizes or even shrinks in the coming decades. In the most pessimistic fragmentation scenario, synthetic fertilization application rates are expected to increase almost...
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading of global aquatic ecosystems has doubled during the 20th century and at the same time has the nutrient composition been disturbed by increasing proportions of inorganic forms from 30 to 43% for N and from 56 to 65% for P. This is one of...
There are no substitutes for micronutrients which are indispensable for plant growth and the human diet; nevertheless low concentrations of these elements in African soils are looming and a cause for concern. In this PBL study, we determined the potential size of the demand...
