The five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) show similar global crop P uptake and P inputs, despite differences in population and incomes. In the sustainability scenario SSP1, the increase in P uptake comes entirely from increased production per hectare, with varying...
As part of the Copenhagen Accord, individual countries have submitted greenhouse gas reduction proposals for the year 2020. This paper analyses the implications for emission reductions, the carbon price, and abatement costs of these submissions.
The conversion of the present European economy based on fossil fuels into a more bio-based economy will probably be restricted to about 10 per cent of final energy and feedstock consumption in 2030.
Governments and non-state actors need to deliver an urgent increase in ambition to ensure the Paris Agreement goals can still be met according to 2017 annual Emissions Gap report by UNEP. Researchers of PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency were among the leading...
Total greenhouse gas emissions in the Netherlands in 2012 decreased by approximately 1.7% compared to 2011. This decrease was mainly the result of a decrease in fuel combustion in the energy sector, due to an increase in imported electricity and in road transport. In 2012,...
New synthesis shows what a wasted decade means for the climate pact made in Paris. New research shows that nations must now do much more and much faster to limit global warming to well below 2 °C, let alone 1.5 °C, as agreed in Paris.
Renewable energy generation and energy saving are increasing, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are decreasing. However, various targets for energy and climate for 2020, will not be achieved. The pathway to a sustainable energy supply, over time, requires that...
Energy is crucial for supporting basic human needs, development and well-being. The future evolution of the scale and character of the energy system will be fundamentally shaped by socioeconomic conditions and drivers, available energy resources, technologies of energy supply...
At the end of 2012, the European Commission presented a proposal to deal with emissions from indirect land-use change (ILUC) in the sustainability criteria for biofuels. According to PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, the proposed criteria do not guarantee the...
The uncertain, future development of emissions of short-lived trace gases and aerosols forms a key factor for future air quality and climate forcing. The Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) only explore part of this range as they all assume that worldwide ambitious...
