The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate requested PBL to conduct an update on SDE+ base amounts and grid connection costs of offshore wind energy in the Netherlands, based on current market insights. This note presents the results of the update, which were drawn on...
This report describes the methodologies, emission factors and relevant activity data used to calculate the historical emissions of environmental pollutants from transport in the Netherlands. The emissions are calculated, annually, by the Task Force on Transportation of the...
Better water demand projections are needed in order to better assess water scarcity. The focus in this paper is on non-agricultural water demand, as this is the fastest-growing and least well-modelled demand component. We describe an end use-oriented model for future water...
The Environmental Sustainable Transport (EST) project contains a business-as-usual scenario and three EST scenarios: one 'high-technology' scenario containing only technological changes, one 'capacity-constraint' containing only mobility changes and one 'optimum-combination'...
An 80% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, that is the EU ambition for 2050. Such a drastic reduction requires a much more vigorous renewal of our energy system. Setting a target for emission reduction alone is not sufficient. This will need to be complemented by policy...
Recent research has clarified a number of facts about particulate matter in the atmosphere and has overturned a number of assumptions. For example, it is now clear that a much greater proportion of particulate matter is caused by human (anthropogenic) activities than was...
This report describes the methodologies, emission factors and relevant activity data used to calculate the historical emissions of environmental pollutants from transport in the Netherlands. The emissions are calculated, annually, by the Task Force on Transportation of the...
This report describes the methodologies, emission factors and relevant activity data used to calculate the emissions of environmental pollutants from mobile sources in the Netherlands. The emissions are calculated, annually, by the Task Force on Transportation of the Dutch...
This report on decarbonisation options for the Dutch offshore natural gas industry is part of the MIDDEN project (Manufacturing Industry Decarbonisation Data Exchange Network) initiated by PBL and TNO. The project aims to support industry, policymakers, analysts and the...
This report on decarbonisation options for the Dutch biofuels industry is part of the MIDDEN project (Manufacturing Industry Decarbonisation Data Exchange Network) initiated by PBL and TNO. ECN part of TNO is renamed to TNO Energy Transition Studies. The project aims to...
