Multi-gas emission profiles for stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations: Emission implications of limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees centigrade
In this report we present two CO 2-equivalent emission profiles leading to two different stabilised greenhouse gas concentration levels. The contribution of the various greenhouse gas emissions is…
In 2001, version 2.2 of the IMAGE model was completed as result of a multi-year development trajectory. Besides an ensuing internal discussion at RIVM on the way forward with global integrated…
Climate impact response functions as impact tools in the tolerable windows approach
A critical issue for policymakers in defining mitigationstrategies for climate change is the availability of appropriate evaluation tools. The development of climate impact response functions (CIRFs)…
Establishing the link between ammonia emission control and measurements of reduced nitrogen concentrations and deposition
In the context of international efforts to reduce the impactsof atmospheric NH 3 and NH 4 + (collectively, NH x), it is important to establish the link between NH3 emissions and monitoring of NH x…
Climate impact response functions as impact tools in the tolerable windows approach
A critical issue for policymakers in defining mitigation strategies for climate change is the availability of appropriate evaluation tools. The development of climate impact response functions (CIRFs)…
The direct and indirect energy requirement of households in the European Union
In this article we evaluate the average energy requirement of households in 11 EU member states. By investigating both the direct (electricity, natural gas, gasoline, etc.) and the indirect energy…
Europe's environment: the third assessment - Climate change
Global and European average temperatures are increasing, sea levels are rising, glaciers are melting, and the frequencies of extreme weather events and precipitation are changing. Most of the warming…
Assessing emission reduction target with dynamic models: deriving target load functions for use in integrated assessment
International agreements to reduce the emission of acidifying sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds have been negotiated on the basis of an understanding of the link between acidification related…
Air pollution by ozone in Europe in summer 2003. Overview of exceedances of EC ozone treshold values during the summer season April-August 2003 and comparisons with previous years
In the period 1995–2003 of reporting under the old ozone directive, there has been little or no change in the reported exceedances of ozone threshold values. This is not unexpected as reductions in…
A modelling assessment of acidification and recovery of European surface waters
The increase in emission of sulphur oxides and nitrogen (both oxidised and reduced forms) since the mid-1800s caused a severe decline in pH and ANC in acid-sensitive surface waters across Europe…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency