Water-related conflict and migration: Risks and ambition pathways
This background report concerns water-related conflict and water-related migration. The results are published in Geography of future water challenges – Bending the trend. This report gives an overview…
Global inland-water oxygen cycle has changed in the Anthropocene
Inland waters are an important resource, a highly diverse habitat, and a key component of global biogeochemical cycles. Oxygen plays a major role in inland-water ecosystem functioning, but long-term…
This report provides an overview of how PBL implements the monitoring of circularity strategies. It delves into both the conceptual principles and backgrounds of the so-called circularity ladder (‘R…
The Integral Circular Economy Report (ICER) offers an overview of the state of the transition towards a circular economy in the Netherlands. The objective information offered in the ICER is intended…
Nutrient transport from the Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna River system to the Bay of Bengal: past and future trends
The Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) river basin is a lifeline for the livelihoods and well-being of millions of inhabitants. It has been experiencing increasing nutrient emissions from anthropogenic…
Electricity- and hydrogen-driven energy system sector-coupling in net-zero CO2 emission pathways
Electricity- and hydrogen-based sector coupling contributes to realizing the transition towards greenhouse gas neutrality in the European energy system. Energy system and integrated assessment models…
Extended producer responsibility for energy transition technologies
Solar panels, wind turbines and electric vehicle batteries are at the core of the energy transition. However, the rapid market growth of these products poses new challenges for the management of…
The bridge to net zero matters more than the destination
Countries have started setting their own national net-zero targets. While net-zero targets establish long-term ambitions, countries’ mid-term targets, as outlined in their Nationally Determined…
Policy mixes for sustainable development pathways: representation in integrated assessment models
The Paris Agreement on climate change and the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development require unprecedented transformations to sustainability, while maximising synergies and minimising trade-offs…
Just transitions: Conceptual tools for policy reflection
The need to balance environmental and social objectives is increasingly included in sustainability agendas at all levels – from local to global. This has given rise to the concept of a 'just…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
