Nutrient transport from the Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna River system to the Bay of Bengal: past and future trends
The Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) river basin is a lifeline for the livelihoods and well-being of millions of inhabitants. It has been experiencing increasing nutrient emissions from anthropogenic…
Electricity- and hydrogen-driven energy system sector-coupling in net-zero CO2 emission pathways
Electricity- and hydrogen-based sector coupling contributes to realizing the transition towards greenhouse gas neutrality in the European energy system. Energy system and integrated assessment models…
Uncertainties around net-zero climate targets have major impact on emissions and climate projections
Globally, more than 100 countries have adopted net-zero targets. Most studies agree on how this increases the chance of keeping end-of-century global warming below 2°C. However, they typically make…
Extended producer responsibility for energy transition technologies
Solar panels, wind turbines and electric vehicle batteries are at the core of the energy transition. However, the rapid market growth of these products poses new challenges for the management of…
The bridge to net zero matters more than the destination
Countries have started setting their own national net-zero targets. While net-zero targets establish long-term ambitions, countries’ mid-term targets, as outlined in their Nationally Determined…
Policy mixes for sustainable development pathways: representation in integrated assessment models
The Paris Agreement on climate change and the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development require unprecedented transformations to sustainability, while maximising synergies and minimising trade-offs…
Just transitions: Conceptual tools for policy reflection
The need to balance environmental and social objectives is increasingly included in sustainability agendas at all levels – from local to global. This has given rise to the concept of a 'just…
Quantifying food security and mitigation risks consequential to climate change impacts on crop yields
Climate change is expected to impact crop yields globally, with some regions benefiting from favorable conditions and CO 2 fertilization, while others face adverse effects from altered precipitation…
Costs and benefits of synthetic nitrogen for global cereal production in 2015 and in 2050 under contrasting scenarios
Increased use of synthetic N fertiliser has boosted global cereal grain production, but has also led to a massive increase of reactive N loss and environmental impacts. This paper quantifies the…
How the Russian–Ukrainian war reshapes the climate policy context
The Russian military aggression against Ukraine has had significant global impacts on energy security, economy and geopolitics. The 2022 global energy crisis raises questions about how the war affects…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
