Adaptation to extreme weather: identifying different societal perspectives in the Netherlands
The intensity and occurrence of extreme weather events are expected to change with climate change. This change necessitates adaptive responses to extreme events, which need to take into account…
The role of negative CO2 emissions for reaching 2 °C-insights from integrated assessment modelling
Limiting climate change to 2 °C with a high probability requires reducing cumulative emissions to about 1600 Gigatonne CO 2 over the 2000–2100 period. This requires unprecedented rates of…
If climate action becomes urgent: the importance of response times for various climate strategies
Most deliberations on climate policy are based on a mitigation response that assumes a gradually increasing reduction over time. However, situations may occur where a more urgent response is needed. A…
Deep greenhouse gas emission reductions in Europe: Exploring different options
Most modelling studies that explore emission mitigation scenarios only look into least-cost emission pathways, induced by a carbon tax. This means that European policies targeting specific – sometimes…
Influence of travel behavior on global CO2 emissions
Travel demand is rising steeply and its contribution to global CO 2 emissions is increasing. Different studies have shown possible mitigation through technological options, but so far few studies have…
The effects of adaptation and mitigation on coastal flood impacts during the 21st century
This paper studies the effects of mitigation and adaptation on coastal flood impacts. We focus on a scenario that stabilizes concentrations at 450 parts per million CO 2 -equivalent leading to 42 cm…
Emissions of transboundary air pollutants in the Netherlands, 1990–2011: Netherlands Informative Inventory Report 2013
Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) in the Netherlands decreased in 2011, for the first time to a level below the cap set by the European Union for 2010. Hereby, the Netherlands complies with all…
Greening the economy is a major and necessary task for the world as a whole as well as for the Netherlands. Using energy, raw materials and natural resources more efficiently will strengthen the…
Analysing the greenhouse gas emission reductions of the mitigation action plans by non-Annex I countries by 2020
As part of the Cancún Agreements, 45 non-Annex I countries (non-industrialised) have pledged mitigation action plans, of which 16 countries, including the seven major emitting countries, have…
Comments on the EC proposal for amendment of the Renewable Energy and Fuel Quality Directives
At the end of 2012, the European Commission presented a proposal to deal with emissions from indirect land-use change (ILUC) in the sustainability criteria for biofuels. According to PBL Netherlands…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
