Reducing external costs of nitrogen pollution by relocation of pig production between regions in the European Union
Relocation of pig production between provinces (224 NUTS2 regions) within the EU27 can reduce the total external costs of nitrogen pollution by about 10% (14 billion €). Eligible regions for…
GHG mitigation scenarios for major emitting countries: an overview of recently adopted policies
NewClimate Institute, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency and IIASA present an overview of on climate change mitigation policies in 25 major emitting countries/regions that have been…
Vehicle emissions and impacts of taxes and incentives in the evolution of past emissions
The analysis presented in this report was framed around two key objectives. The first was to create an inventory of the different vehicle taxation and incentive schemes in place across Europe. The…
Future agricultural phosphorus demand according to the shared socioeconomic pathways
The five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) show similar global crop P uptake and P inputs, despite differences in population and incomes. In the sustainability scenario SSP1, the increase in P…
Assessing future reactive nitrogen inputs into global croplands based on the shared socioeconomic pathways
Only under the most optimistic sustainability scenario, the global synthetic fertilizer use in croplands stabilizes or even shrinks in the coming decades. In the most pessimistic fragmentation…
Uncertain Environmental Footprint of Current and Future Battery Electric Vehicles
The future environmental impacts of battery electric vehicles (EVs) are very important given their expected dominance in future transport systems. Previous studies have shown these impacts to be…
Pathways for agriculture and forestry to contribute to terrestrial biodiversity conservation: a global scenario-study
While there has been an increase in the societal responses to biodiversity loss, in most cases this will not be sufficient to achieve the biodiversity targets by 2020, let alone to realise the long…
Scenarios for Demand Growth of Metals in Electricity Generation Technologies, Cars, and Electronic Appliances
This study provides scenarios toward 2050 for the demand of five metals in electricity production, cars, and electronic appliances. The metals considered are copper, tantalum, neodymium, cobalt, and…
Limited emission reductions from fuel subsidy removal except in energy-exporting regions
Hopes are high that removing fossil fuel subsidies could help to mitigate climate change by discouraging inefficient energy consumption and levelling the playing field for renewable energy. In…
Unpacking the nexus: Different spatial scales for water, food and energy
Recent years have shown increased awareness that the use of the basic resources water, food, and energy are highly interconnected (referred to as a ‘nexus’). Spatial scales are an important but…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
