Climate change and sustainable development: expanding the options
Climate change and sustainable development have been addressed in largely separate circles in both research and policy. Nevertheless, there are strong linkages between the two in both realms.
Europe's environment: the third assessment - Climate change
Global and European average temperatures are increasing, sea levels are rising, glaciers are melting, and the frequencies of extreme weather events and precipitation are changing. Most of the warming…
Assessing emission reduction target with dynamic models: deriving target load functions for use in integrated assessment
International agreements to reduce the emission of acidifying sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds have been negotiated on the basis of an understanding of the link between acidification related…
Air pollution by ozone in Europe in summer 2003. Overview of exceedances of EC ozone treshold values during the summer season April-August 2003 and comparisons with previous years
In the period 1995–2003 of reporting under the old ozone directive, there has been little or no change in the reported exceedances of ozone threshold values. This is not unexpected as reductions in…
A modelling assessment of acidification and recovery of European surface waters
The increase in emission of sulphur oxides and nitrogen (both oxidised and reduced forms) since the mid-1800s caused a severe decline in pH and ANC in acid-sensitive surface waters across Europe…
Modelling the recovery of acid-sensitive Finnish headwater lakes under present emission reduction agreements
Over the past two decades, substantial reductions in the deposition of acidifying substances (primarily sulphur) have occurred in most parts of Europe and, following recent agreements, this trend is…
Long-term development of acid deposition (1880-2030) in sensitive freshwater regions in Europe
Time series of the deposition of acidifying substances are a pre-requisite for the study of the acidification and recovery of ecosystems such as surface waters. This paper reports the derivation and…
Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment ozone profile characterization using interpretation tools and lidar measurements for intercomparison
Global ozone profiles are derived from the ultraviolet and visible part of the spectra of the nadir-viewing Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), which is mounted on the polar orbiting second…
Energy and emission scenarios for China in the 21st century - exploration of baseline development and mitigation options
In this paper, we have used the simulation model IMAGE/TIMER to develop a set of energy and emission scenarios for China between 1995 and 2100, based on the global baseline scenarios published by IPCC…
Critical levels and critical loads as a tool for air quality management
Critical loads and levels are a tool for assessing the risk of air pollution impacts to ecosystems. APIS provides critical loads and levels for different pollutants. The user can also undertake site…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency