Raw materials critical for energy, defence and digital technologies are largely extracted in low- and middle income countries, where mining is often linked to adverse social impacts. This study…
In 2024 PBL started a new research program on the role of government in societal transformations to sustainability. A key role in such transformations is played by visions and processes of visioning…
Navigating the black box of fair national emissions targets
Current national emissions targets fall short of the Paris Agreement goals, prompting the need for equitable ways to close this gap. Fair emissions allowances rely on effort-sharing formulas based on…
A Global Assessment of Plant and Animal Community Responses to Forest Management Over Time
Transitions to forest management that mitigate negative effects of forest use on biodiversity are required to bend the curve of biodiversity loss. To facilitate such transitions, it is vital to…
Water-related conflict and migration: Risks and ambition pathways
This background report concerns water-related conflict and water-related migration. The results are published in Geography of future water challenges – Bending the trend. This report gives an overview…
Global inland-water oxygen cycle has changed in the Anthropocene
Inland waters are an important resource, a highly diverse habitat, and a key component of global biogeochemical cycles. Oxygen plays a major role in inland-water ecosystem functioning, but long-term…
This report provides an overview of how PBL implements the monitoring of circularity strategies. It delves into both the conceptual principles and backgrounds of the so-called circularity ladder (‘R…
The Integral Circular Economy Report (ICER) offers an overview of the state of the transition towards a circular economy in the Netherlands. The objective information offered in the ICER is intended…
Nutrient transport from the Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna River system to the Bay of Bengal: past and future trends
The Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) river basin is a lifeline for the livelihoods and well-being of millions of inhabitants. It has been experiencing increasing nutrient emissions from anthropogenic…
Electricity- and hydrogen-driven energy system sector-coupling in net-zero CO2 emission pathways
Electricity- and hydrogen-based sector coupling contributes to realizing the transition towards greenhouse gas neutrality in the European energy system. Energy system and integrated assessment models…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
