Assessing emission reduction target with dynamic models: deriving target load functions for use in integrated assessment
International agreements to reduce the emission of acidifying sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds have been negotiated on the basis of an understanding of the link between acidification related…
Air pollution by ozone in Europe in summer 2003. Overview of exceedances of EC ozone treshold values during the summer season April-August 2003 and comparisons with previous years
In the period 1995–2003 of reporting under the old ozone directive, there has been little or no change in the reported exceedances of ozone threshold values. This is not unexpected as reductions in…
A modelling assessment of acidification and recovery of European surface waters
The increase in emission of sulphur oxides and nitrogen (both oxidised and reduced forms) since the mid-1800s caused a severe decline in pH and ANC in acid-sensitive surface waters across Europe…
Global modeling of the fate of nitrogen from point and nonpoint sources in soils, groundwater, and surface water
We present a global model that describes the fate of nitrogen (N) from point and nonpoint sources in the hydrological system up to the river mouths at the 0.5° by 0.5° spatial and annual temporal…
Terrestrial carbon sinks and biomass in international climate policies
The authors contribute to the many discussions on international climate policy and provide an in-depth analysis of the main characteristics of the problem of climate change. They highlight the various…
Europe's environment: the third assessment - Climate change
Global and European average temperatures are increasing, sea levels are rising, glaciers are melting, and the frequencies of extreme weather events and precipitation are changing. Most of the warming…
Europe's environment: the third assessment - Air pollution in Europe
Air pollution is a transboundary, multipollutant/ multi-effect environmental problem. Although significant and welldirected efforts over more than two decades have led to a reduction in emissions, air…
The pseudo-countryside as compromose between spatial planning goals and consumers preferences for rural living
In the Netherlands the demand for housing in rural areas far outstrips supply, leading to tensions in the housing market. The creation of a pseudo-countryside, a residential environment with the…
This chapter describes the background and modeling approaches used in simple climate models (SCMs) (Harvey et al. 1997). In general, SCMs are the simplified models used by the Intergovernmental Panel…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency