Aerosol; Cycle and Influence on the Radiation Balance MEasurement and MOdelling of the reduction of Radiation by Aerosol (MEMORA)
Anthropogenic aerosols reflect solar radiation and therefore act as cooling agents. The perturbation ('forcing') of the radiation balance is so large that, according to estimates by IPCC, it could off…
Assessing Ecosystem Vulnerability and Identifying Climate Protection Indicators
In this report on possible impacts, scenarios of the IMAGE 2 model and Safe Landing Analyses we have shown that selecting an appropriate ecological target can assist in defining 'adaptable' levels of…
Climate Options for the Long term (COOL), Interim phase report
This report describes the findings of the 'COOL interim phase'. COOL (Climate OptiOns for the Long term) is an integrated assessment project to explore long-term options for climate change policy in…
Global Assessment of acidification and eutrophication of natural ecosystems
In this study an assessment has been made of the present and possible future acidification and eutrophication of natural and semi-natural terrestrial ecosystems, and riverine nitrogen transport to…
Long-term perspectives on world metal use - a model-based approach
In this report, a system dynamics model is described, which simulates long-term trends in the production and consumption of metals (i.e. iron/steel and an aggregate of metals of medium abundance) in…
Applying Global Change Scenarios to assess Changes in Biodiversity
This report presents the results of applying IMAGE 2 to assess changes in biodiversity. The organisers of two separate workshops solicited for these applications. Pre-prints of the resulting papers…
International marine and aviation bunker fuel: trends, ranking of countries and comparison with national CO2 emission
This report summarises and characterises fuel consumption and associated CO 2 emissions from international transport based on energy statistics compiled by the International Energy Agency (IEA)…
Major Shifts in Societal Trends and Their Impact on Climate Change
The Dutch National Research Program (NRP) on global air pollution and climate change commissioned a study on major shifts in societal trends that are relevant for the climate problem. The main…
The Brazilian Proposal and other Options for International Burden Sharing: an evaluation of methodological and policy aspects using the FAIR model
During the negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol, Brazil proposed a methodology to base Annex I (industrialised) country contributions to emission reductions on their responsibilities for the global mean…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency