Human development is fundamentally dependent on the state of the environment. ‘Planetary boundaries’ define a set of limits with regard to the environmental conditions on the planet within which human…
Assessing multiple ecosystem services in 708 European urban areas
Nature is increasingly recognized for its potential to address societal challenges in cities, through the delivery of ecosystem services (ES). However, large-scale assessments quantifying this…
Exploration of pathways towards climate neutrality 2050
In order to become climate-neutral by 2050, substantial changes are needed in both electricity and heating and in the production and use of fuels and raw materials. In more concrete terms, this means…
The global energy landscape is going through a profound transition towards sustainability to combat climate change and reduce dependence on fossil fuel. Hydrogen, particularly green hydrogen produced…
This document describes the development strategy for the GLOBIO modelling framework for 2024–2027. It provides general direction for further improving the framework, based on the current state of the…
What are just and feasible climate targets for the Netherlands?
The Netherlands has already set emission reduction targets for 2030 and 2050 with the aim to contribute to achieving the 1.5-degree target of the Paris Agreement. In February, the European Commission…
Impact of lifestyle, human diet, and nutrient use efficiency in food production on eutrophication of global aquifers and surface waters
A spatially explicit analysis is presented of the impact of human lifestyle, diet, and nutrient use efficiency in food production and wastewater treatment on exceedance of threshold concentrations for…
Impact of groundwater nitrogen legacy on water quality
The loss of agricultural nitrogen (N) is a leading cause of global eutrophication and freshwater and coastal hypoxia. Despite regulatory efforts such as the European Union’s Nitrogen Directive, high…
Limited consumer willingness diminishes the potential environmental gains of dietary change
A collaborative study between researchers from the Institute of Environmental Science of Leiden University (CML) and the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) sought to understand how…
Trends and geographic variation in adverse impacts of nitrogen use in Europe on human health, climate, and ecosystems: A review
This study assesses the effects of reactive nitrogen (N) pollution on human health, climate, and ecosystems in Europe from 1990 to 2019. It reports temporal and spatial variation in nitrogen-related…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
