IMAGE User Manual
User guide to run the IMAGE program. Technical background report.
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Climate effects of wood used for bioenergy
Using logged trees as a bioenergy source – replacing fossil fuel – carries the risk of first increasing CO2 emissions before reducing them. It could in fact take up to 100 years before emissions begin to decrease. Using crop residues or wood waste does not have this downside,...
Decarbonisation options for the Dutch starch industry
This report on decarbonisation options for the Dutch starch industry is part of the MIDDEN project (Manufacturing Industry Decarbonisation Data Exchange Network) initiated by PBL and TNO. The project aims to support industry, policymakers, analysts and the energy sector in...
IMAGE Programming Guidelines
Programming requirements and guidelines. Technical background report
Reporting requirements on biofuels and bioliquids stemming from the directive (EU) 2015/1513
This report was commissioned to gather comprehensive information on, and to provide systematic analysis of the latest available scientific research and the latest available scientific evidence on indirect land use change (ILUC) greenhouse gas emissions associated with...
Monitoring emissions and actions in the post-2012 climate regime
Climate change is a collective action problem; only if all major emitting countries take sufficient mitigating actions, dangerous human interference with the climate system can be averted. In order to create and maintain a stable global climate coalition, trust needs to be...
Options for the road freight sector to meet long term climate targets
The road freight sector is responsible for about a quarter of CO2 emissions from road transport in the EU and for some 6% of total EU emissions. CO2 emissions are still rising, mainly due to increasing road freight traffic. In this paper we review two pathways for CO2...
Greenhouse gas emissions in the Netherlands 1990-2009
Total Dutch greenhouse gas emissions, in 2009, decreased by approximately three per cent, compared with emission levels of 2008. This decrease is a result of the economic crisis, especially due to a decline in industrial production. In 2009, total direct greenhouse gas...
PBL Note Sustainability of biomass in a bio-based economy
The conversion of the present European economy based on fossil fuels into a more bio-based economy will probably be restricted to about 10 per cent of final energy and feedstock consumption in 2030. Sufficient supply of ecologically sustainable biomass will be critical. These...
Large areas around the world are under pressure from land degradation
A study by PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency shows that land degradation is a global problem. This is especially risky in vulnerable drylands where the population is growing much faster than elsewhere and land and water will become scarce. In a number of future...
