This report analyses how combinations of technological measures and changes in consumption patterns could contribute to achieving a set of sustainability objectives, taking into account the…
Cobenefits of climate and air pollution regulations
In 2011, the European Commission published its roadmap towards a competitive low-carbon economy for 2050. For this roadmap the possibilities of a far-reaching reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in…
The IMAGE Model Suite used for the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050
In the Environmental Outlook to 2050 from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) a number of scenarios and projection are used which are calculated with the IMAGE model…
PBL Note Sustainability of biomass in a bio-based economy
The conversion of the present European economy based on fossil fuels into a more bio-based economy will probably be restricted to about 10 per cent of final energy and feedstock consumption in 2030…
EU Resource efficiency perspectives in a global context
Resource Efficiency is one of the flagship projects of the European Commission. On this subject, the expected global development of five related aspects has been mapped by the PBL: energy, land use…
Exploring global changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in agriculture induced by livestock production over the 1900–2050 period
Global nutrient surpluses will continue to increase in the next fifty years. This will lead to larger amounts of nutrients in soil and surface waters, disrupting ecosystems and harming biodiversity.
Emission scenarios for a global hydrogen economy and the consequences for global air pollution
Hydrogen is named as possible energy carrier for future energy systems. However, the impact of large-scale hydrogen use on the atmosphere is uncertain. Application of hydrogen in clean fuel cells…
Nitrogen pollution costs the European Union between €70 billion and €320 billion per year. This cost is more than double the value that nitrogen fertilizers are estimated to add to European farm…
For the last five years, scientists across Europe have chronicled the little-known nitrogen dilemma and the threats it poses to our environment and health – as well as how we can solve the problem.
Anthropogenic and natural constituents in particulate matter in the Netherlands
To develop mitigation strategies for reducing concentrations of both PM 2.5 and PM 10 , the origin of particulate matter (PM) needs to be established. An intensive, one-year measurement campaign from…
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